{"id":41239,"date":"2026-02-05T10:34:50","date_gmt":"2026-02-05T15:34:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/?p=41239"},"modified":"2026-02-05T13:31:58","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T18:31:58","slug":"elm-zigzag-sawfly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly\/","title":{"rendered":"Elm Zigzag Sawfly: Tiny Invader Poses Growing Threat to Tree Health"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n<p>For much of the 19th and early 20th centuries, American elms were more than just trees. They were defining features of the nation\u2019s streetscapes, with tall, arching branches creating shaded tunnels that lined city streets and small-town avenues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, however, these iconic trees are far less common. Dutch elm disease decimated much of the population, and a new threat has emerged: the elm zigzag sawfly. This small, invasive pest is spreading across North America, feeding on elm leaves and adding a new layer of stress to already vulnerable trees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Efforts to restore elm populations have led to the development of disease-resistant varieties designed to withstand Dutch elm disease. These new elms offer hope for the species, but the arrival of the elm zigzag sawfly complicates restoration efforts, affecting not only elms but also other species.<\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"right-aside wp-block-ncst-aside-widget\">\n    \n<a \n    class=\"has-custombg-four-text-color ncst-fact wp-block-ncst-aside-fact\"\n    href=\"https:\/\/content.ces.ncsu.edu\/elm-zigzag-sawfly\"\n          >\n      <span class=\"ncst-icon\">\n      <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path d=\"M15.8778 7.2328C15.877 6.21451 15.4721 5.23818 14.752 4.51814C14.032 3.7981 13.0557 3.3932 12.0374 3.39233C11.9436 3.39233 11.8499 3.39562 11.7561 3.40218C11.1428 3.4468 10.5492 3.63804 10.0252 3.95982C9.50115 4.28161 9.06206 4.72452 8.74482 5.2513C8.42759 5.77809 8.2415 6.37336 8.20219 6.98703C8.16288 7.6007 8.27151 8.21485 8.51894 8.7778C8.54285 8.83171 8.56582 8.8814 8.58925 8.92921L9.47003 10.823L11.4636 15.1101C11.5142 15.2191 11.5949 15.3113 11.6961 15.3759C11.7973 15.4405 11.9149 15.4748 12.035 15.4748C12.1551 15.4748 12.2727 15.4405 12.374 15.3759C12.4752 15.3113 12.5559 15.2191 12.6064 15.1101L14.6005 10.823L15.4808 8.92921C15.7427 8.40211 15.8786 7.82139 15.8778 7.2328ZM10.7075 7.22296C10.7471 6.93082 10.8815 6.65974 11.0899 6.45127C11.2984 6.24281 11.5695 6.10849 11.8616 6.0689C11.9199 6.06143 11.9786 6.05767 12.0374 6.05765C12.3796 6.05507 12.7098 6.18339 12.9604 6.41633C13.2111 6.64927 13.3632 6.96922 13.3857 7.31066C13.4081 7.65211 13.2992 7.98923 13.0813 8.253C12.8633 8.51677 12.5527 8.68725 12.2132 8.72952C12.1549 8.73699 12.0961 8.74075 12.0374 8.74077C11.8464 8.74074 11.6577 8.69994 11.4837 8.6211C11.3098 8.54226 11.1547 8.4272 11.0288 8.2836C10.9029 8.14001 10.8091 7.9712 10.7537 7.78845C10.6983 7.6057 10.6826 7.41322 10.7075 7.2239V7.22296Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/>\n<path d=\"M18.9844 10.823H15.1641L14.0326 13.2759L16.531 14.2308L18.6638 11.6822L18.9066 12.2536L13.1598 19.0462L14.0012 19.8952H13.2849L10.8648 17.4534L6.12804 19.8952H4.77382L10.4766 17.0625L5.45351 12.0661L5.68788 11.5125L12.7984 18.6844L16.0848 14.7623L13.7452 13.8717L13.0684 15.3272C12.9814 15.5141 12.8454 15.674 12.6748 15.7897C12.5042 15.9054 12.3054 15.9726 12.0995 15.9842C11.8937 15.9958 11.6886 15.9514 11.506 15.8555C11.3235 15.7597 11.1704 15.6162 11.063 15.4402C11.0523 15.4144 11.041 15.3891 11.0293 15.3637L9.57991 12.2667L7.66085 11.5373H8.45538L9.24569 11.5481L8.9096 10.8253H5.19241L0.171631 20.6077H23.8285L18.9844 10.823Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n\n    <\/span>\n              <h2 class=\"fact__heading\">Sawfly on the Move<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"fact__support\">\n              The elm zigzag sawfly can spread up to 28-56 miles in one year.\n          <\/p>\n        <p class=\"fact__cta\">\n      <span class=\"text\">Learn more<\/span><span class=\"arrow-indicator\"><svg class=\"wolficon wolficon-arrow-right-bold\" role=\"img\"  aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<use xlink:href=\"#wolficon-arrow-right-bold\">\n\t\t<\/svg><\/span>\n    <\/p>\n    <\/a>\n\n\n  <\/aside>\n\n\n\n<p>To help the public better understand this pest and protect their trees, we\u2019ve compiled an FAQ addressing the most common questions, drawing on the expertise of <a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/directory\/kelly-oten\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/directory\/kelly-oten\/\">Kelly Oten<\/a>, an assistant professor in the Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources at North Carolina State University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oten, who also serves as an Extension specialist, conducts research on understanding and mitigating the impacts of invasive insects and diseases, including the elm zigzag sawfly, which she is actively tracking across the United States and Canada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#what-is-sawfly\">What is the elm zigzag sawfly?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#sawfly-appearance\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#sawfly-appearance\">What does it look like?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#affected-trees\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#affected-trees\">What trees are impacted?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#sawfly-damage\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#sawfly-damage\">What damage can it cause to trees?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#sawfly-spread\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#sawfly-spread\">How does it spread?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#transport-on-plants\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#transport-on-plants\">Can it be transported on plants?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#impact-on-elms\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#impact-on-elms\">How does it impact North American elm trees?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#sawfly-locations\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#sawfly-locations\">Where has it been found in North America?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#elm-sawfly-us\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#elm-sawfly-us\">When did it appear in the U.S.?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#prevent-spread\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#prevent-spread\">How can I prevent its spread?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#research-control\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#research-control\">How can I help research and control efforts?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#other-pests\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#other-pests\">What other pests threaten elm trees?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-sawfly\"><strong>What is the elm zigzag sawfly?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is an invasive insect that primarily feeds on the leaves of elm trees. Its larvae create a distinctive zigzag pattern on the leaves as they feed. Native to Asia, it has been invasive in Europe for over 20 years and was first detected in North America in 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sawfly-appearance\"><strong>What does it look like?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The adult is a small, wasp-like insect that is black with pale yellow legs but does not sting. The larvae are caterpillar-like creatures that feed on the edges of elm leaves, leaving the characteristic zigzag feeding pattern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-larva-eating-leaf-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png\" data-fullsize=\"1500x844\" data-zoom=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-larva-eating-leaf-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"A pale green elm zigzag sawfly larva with a dark head on a green leaf with a serrated edge.\" class=\"wp-image-41254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-larva-eating-leaf-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-larva-eating-leaf-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-larva-eating-leaf-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-larva-eating-leaf-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Elm zigzag sawfly larvae are small, greenish caterpillar-like insects with dark heads. They usually feed in groups along the veins of leaves, and their bodies are soft and slightly curved, making them easy to spot if you look closely. Photo by Matt Bertone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"affected-trees\"><strong>What trees are impacted?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It primarily affects elm trees, including the American elm, winged elm, and Chinese elm. A recent <a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-threatens-more-tree-species\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-threatens-more-tree-species\/\">study<\/a> conducted by Oten and her collaborators also found that the invasive species is feeding on Japanese zelkova trees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sawfly-damage\"><strong>What damage can it cause to trees?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The damage can range from minimal to severe. Minimal damage consists of a few zigzag feeding patterns on leaves, which may not significantly impact the tree\u2019s health. Severe damage can occur when large infestations strip the tree of its leaves, weakening it and making it more vulnerable to pests, diseases and environmental stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-leaf-damage-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png\" data-fullsize=\"1500x844\" data-zoom=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-leaf-damage-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Close-up of a green leaf with serrated edges and areas of damage.\" class=\"wp-image-41255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-leaf-damage-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-leaf-damage-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-leaf-damage-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-leaf-damage-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Elm zigzag sawfly larvae leave distinctive winding trails on leaves as they feed. Photo by Matt Bertone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sawfly-spread\"><strong>How does it spread?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The insect is capable of flying, but human activity likely helps its spread. Larvae attach cocoons to objects like twigs, leaves, and vehicles, which can transport the pest over long distances. Trucks, particularly wheel wells and side mirrors, have been found carrying sawfly cocoons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"transport-on-plants\"><strong>Can it be transported on plants?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is possible, though not confirmed, that the sawfly could spread through the transport of plants. The sawfly spends its winter in the soil and could easily be moved in potted plants, though whether this is a significant pathway remains uncertain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-cocoon-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png\" data-fullsize=\"1500x844\" data-zoom=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-cocoon-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"A small insect cocoon wrapped in fine silk on a green leaf with visible veins.\" class=\"wp-image-41252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-cocoon-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-cocoon-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-cocoon-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-cocoon-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The elm zigzag sawfly completes one generation per year, with larvae forming leaf-bound cocoons before emerging as adults in spring. Photo by Matt Bertone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"impact-on-elms\"><strong>How does it impact North American elm trees?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>North American elms are already under stress from threats like Dutch elm disease. The elm zigzag sawfly can further weaken the trees by causing defoliation, making them more susceptible to additional diseases and pests. Researchers are closely monitoring its interaction with Dutch elm disease to understand the combined effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sawfly-locations\"><strong>Where has it been found in North America?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Since its discovery in Quebec, Canada, in 2020, the sawfly has spread to 15 U.S. states and three other Canadian provinces, including North Carolina in 2022. It is primarily spreading across the eastern and midwestern U.S.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-detections-united-states-map-infographic-ncsu-1500x844-1.png\" data-fullsize=\"1500x844\" data-zoom=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-detections-united-states-map-infographic-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Map of the United States showing reported elm zigzag sawfly detections. States with confirmed detections are highlighted in red, including Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont and Maryland.\" class=\"wp-image-41261\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-detections-united-states-map-infographic-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-detections-united-states-map-infographic-ncsu-1500x844-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-detections-united-states-map-infographic-ncsu-1500x844-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-detections-united-states-map-infographic-ncsu-1500x844-1.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"elm-sawfly-us\">When did it appear in the U.S.?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jipm\/article\/14\/1\/12\/7222304\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jipm\/article\/14\/1\/12\/7222304\">first confirmed U.S. detection<\/a> occurred in May 2021 in Virginia, near Winchester in Frederick County. Larval specimens were submitted to the Insect Identification Laboratory at Virginia Tech and were confirmed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture&#8217;s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) program.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"ncst-timeline wp-block-ncst-timeline\" id=\"ncst-timeline-ncst-timeline-0\">\n        <div class=\"ncst-timeline__container\">\n        \n      <div class=\"line\" data-start=\"line\" data-end=\"arrow\"><\/div>\n      <ul class=\"ncst-timeline__entry-list\">\n        \n<li class=\"ncst-timeline-entry wp-block-ncst-timeline-entry\">\n  <div class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__container\">\n    <span class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__date\">2021<\/span>\n    <div class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__line\"><\/div>\n    <p class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__description\">Detected in Virginia, marking its first U.S. appearance<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\n<li class=\"ncst-timeline-entry wp-block-ncst-timeline-entry\">\n  <div class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__container\">\n    <span class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__date\">2022<\/span>\n    <div class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__line\"><\/div>\n    <p class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__description\">Detected in Maryland, New York, North Carolina and Pennsylvania<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\n<li class=\"ncst-timeline-entry wp-block-ncst-timeline-entry\">\n  <div class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__container\">\n    <span class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__date\">2023<\/span>\n    <div class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__line\"><\/div>\n    <p class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__description\">Detected in Ohio, Massachusetts and Vermont<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\n<li class=\"ncst-timeline-entry wp-block-ncst-timeline-entry\">\n  <div class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__container\">\n    <span class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__date\">2024<\/span>\n    <div class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__line\"><\/div>\n    <p class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__description\">Detected in Connecticut, Illinois, Minnesota, New Hampshire and Wisconsin<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\n<li class=\"ncst-timeline-entry wp-block-ncst-timeline-entry\">\n  <div class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__container\">\n    <span class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__date\">2025<\/span>\n    <div class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__line\"><\/div>\n    <p class=\"ncst-timeline-entry__description\">Detected in Indiana and Tennessee<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"prevent-spread\"><strong>How can I prevent its spread?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Inspect vehicles, especially wheel wells and mirrors, for cocoons before traveling. Monitor elm trees for zigzag patterns on leaves, particularly in areas where the sawfly has been detected. Dispose of larvae or cocoons properly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How can I manage infestations?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To manage an infestation, remove heavily infested branches by pruning and disposing of them appropriately. You can also use insecticides that are effective against sawflies, following local guidelines. Encouraging natural predators, such as birds and parasitoid wasps, may help control the sawfly population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-egg-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png\" data-fullsize=\"1500x844\" data-zoom=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-egg-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Close-up of a green leaf with visible veins and a translucent green insect egg on one tip.\" class=\"wp-image-41253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-egg-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-egg-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-egg-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-egg-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Elm zigzag sawflies lay tiny, oval eggs along the veins of elm leaves. They\u2019re usually hard to see, but each one is the start of a larva that will later feed on the leaves. Photo by Matt Bertone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"research-control\"><strong>How can I help research and control efforts?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>You can help by reporting sightings to local agricultural or environmental authorities. Additionally, staying informed about ongoing research and supporting efforts to control invasive species can contribute to long-term management solutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"other-pests\"><strong>What other pests threaten elm trees?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>North American elms face Dutch elm disease, an invasive fungal disease spread by bark beetles. Elm bark beetles also target weakened trees, carrying pathogens that make trees more vulnerable to further damage.<\/p>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-ncst-separator\">\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Want to know more? Check out the video below:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Elm Zigzag Sawfly\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/iyElX3sGQJE?feature=oembed&#038;enablejsapi=1&#038;origin=https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false,"raw":"<!-- wp:ncst\/dynamic-header {\"block\":\"ncst\/default-immersive-post-header\"} -->\n<!-- wp:ncst\/default-immersive-post-header {\"backgroundColor\":\"custombg_four\",\"caption\":\"The elm zigzag sawfly, identified by its black body and pale yellow-green legs, is spreading across North America and stressing trees. Photo by Matt Bertone\",\"displayCategoryID\":111,\"subtitle\":\"The invasive pest is spreading across the United States and Canada, threatening the health of trees in forests and cities alike.\"} \/-->\n<!-- \/wp:ncst\/dynamic-header -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>For much of the 19th and early 20th centuries, American elms were more than just trees. They were defining features of the nation\u2019s streetscapes, with tall, arching branches creating shaded tunnels that lined city streets and small-town avenues.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Today, however, these iconic trees are far less common. Dutch elm disease decimated much of the population, and a new threat has emerged: the elm zigzag sawfly. This small, invasive pest is spreading across North America, feeding on elm leaves and adding a new layer of stress to already vulnerable trees.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Efforts to restore elm populations have led to the development of disease-resistant varieties designed to withstand Dutch elm disease. These new elms offer hope for the species, but the arrival of the elm zigzag sawfly complicates restoration efforts, affecting not only elms but also other species.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:ncst\/aside-widget -->\n<!-- wp:ncst\/aside-fact {\"svgSlug\":\"map\",\"heading\":\"Sawfly on the Move\",\"support\":\"The elm zigzag sawfly can spread up to 28-56 miles in one year.\",\"callToAction\":\"Learn more\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/content.ces.ncsu.edu\/elm-zigzag-sawfly\",\"textColor\":\"custombg_four\"} \/-->\n<!-- \/wp:ncst\/aside-widget -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>To help the public better understand this pest and protect their trees, we\u2019ve compiled an FAQ addressing the most common questions, drawing on the expertise of <a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/directory\/kelly-oten\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/directory\/kelly-oten\/\">Kelly Oten<\/a>, an assistant professor in the Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources at North Carolina State University.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Oten, who also serves as an Extension specialist, conducts research on understanding and mitigating the impacts of invasive insects and diseases, including the elm zigzag sawfly, which she is actively tracking across the United States and Canada.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h2>Common Questions<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#what-is-sawfly\">What is the elm zigzag sawfly?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#sawfly-appearance\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#sawfly-appearance\">What does it look like?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#affected-trees\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#affected-trees\">What trees are impacted?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#sawfly-damage\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#sawfly-damage\">What damage can it cause to trees?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#sawfly-spread\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#sawfly-spread\">How does it spread?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#transport-on-plants\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#transport-on-plants\">Can it be transported on plants?<\/a><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#impact-on-elms\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#impact-on-elms\">How does it impact North American elm trees?<\/a><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#sawfly-locations\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#sawfly-locations\">Where has it been found in North America?<\/a><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#elm-sawfly-us\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#elm-sawfly-us\">When did it appear in the U.S.?<\/a><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#prevent-spread\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#prevent-spread\">How can I prevent its spread?<\/a><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#research-control\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#research-control\">How can I help research and control efforts?<\/a><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><a href=\"#other-pests\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#other-pests\">What other pests threaten elm trees?<\/a><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"what-is-sawfly\"><strong>What is the elm zigzag sawfly?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>It is an invasive insect that primarily feeds on the leaves of elm trees. Its larvae create a distinctive zigzag pattern on the leaves as they feed. Native to Asia, it has been invasive in Europe for over 20 years and was first detected in North America in 2020.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"sawfly-appearance\"><strong>What does it look like?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The adult is a small, wasp-like insect that is black with pale yellow legs but does not sting. The larvae are caterpillar-like creatures that feed on the edges of elm leaves, leaving the characteristic zigzag feeding pattern.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":41254,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-larva-eating-leaf-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-larva-eating-leaf-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"A pale green elm zigzag sawfly larva with a dark head on a green leaf with a serrated edge.\" class=\"wp-image-41254\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Elm zigzag sawfly larvae are small, greenish caterpillar-like insects with dark heads. They usually feed in groups along the veins of leaves, and their bodies are soft and slightly curved, making them easy to spot if you look closely. Photo by Matt Bertone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"affected-trees\"><strong>What trees are impacted?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>It primarily affects elm trees, including the American elm, winged elm, and Chinese elm. A recent <a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-threatens-more-tree-species\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-threatens-more-tree-species\/\">study<\/a> conducted by Oten and her collaborators also found that the invasive species is feeding on Japanese zelkova trees.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"sawfly-damage\"><strong>What damage can it cause to trees?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The damage can range from minimal to severe. Minimal damage consists of a few zigzag feeding patterns on leaves, which may not significantly impact the tree\u2019s health. Severe damage can occur when large infestations strip the tree of its leaves, weakening it and making it more vulnerable to pests, diseases and environmental stress.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":41255,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-leaf-damage-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-leaf-damage-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Close-up of a green leaf with serrated edges and areas of damage.\" class=\"wp-image-41255\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Elm zigzag sawfly larvae leave distinctive winding trails on leaves as they feed. Photo by Matt Bertone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"sawfly-spread\"><strong>How does it spread?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The insect is capable of flying, but human activity likely helps its spread. Larvae attach cocoons to objects like twigs, leaves, and vehicles, which can transport the pest over long distances. Trucks, particularly wheel wells and side mirrors, have been found carrying sawfly cocoons.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"transport-on-plants\"><strong>Can it be transported on plants?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>It is possible, though not confirmed, that the sawfly could spread through the transport of plants. The sawfly spends its winter in the soil and could easily be moved in potted plants, though whether this is a significant pathway remains uncertain.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":41252,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-cocoon-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-cocoon-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"A small insect cocoon wrapped in fine silk on a green leaf with visible veins.\" class=\"wp-image-41252\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The elm zigzag sawfly completes one generation per year, with larvae forming leaf-bound cocoons before emerging as adults in spring. Photo by Matt Bertone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"impact-on-elms\"><strong>How does it impact North American elm trees?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>North American elms are already under stress from threats like Dutch elm disease. The elm zigzag sawfly can further weaken the trees by causing defoliation, making them more susceptible to additional diseases and pests. Researchers are closely monitoring its interaction with Dutch elm disease to understand the combined effects.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"sawfly-locations\"><strong>Where has it been found in North America?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Since its discovery in Quebec, Canada, in 2020, the sawfly has spread to 15 U.S. states and three other Canadian provinces, including North Carolina in 2022. It is primarily spreading across the eastern and midwestern U.S.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":41261,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-detections-united-states-map-infographic-ncsu-1500x844-1.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-detections-united-states-map-infographic-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Map of the United States showing reported elm zigzag sawfly detections. States with confirmed detections are highlighted in red, including Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont and Maryland.\" class=\"wp-image-41261\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"elm-sawfly-us\">When did it appear in the U.S.?<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jipm\/article\/14\/1\/12\/7222304\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jipm\/article\/14\/1\/12\/7222304\">first confirmed U.S. detection<\/a> occurred in May 2021 in Virginia, near Winchester in Frederick County. Larval specimens were submitted to the Insect Identification Laboratory at Virginia Tech and were confirmed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) program.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:ncst\/timeline {\"instanceId\":\"ncst-timeline-0\"} -->\n<!-- wp:ncst\/timeline-entry {\"date\":\"2021\",\"description\":\"Detected in Virginia, marking its first U.S. appearance\"} \/-->\n\n<!-- wp:ncst\/timeline-entry {\"date\":\"2022\",\"description\":\"Detected in Maryland, New York, North Carolina and Pennsylvania\"} \/-->\n\n<!-- wp:ncst\/timeline-entry {\"date\":\"2023\",\"description\":\"Detected in Ohio, Massachusetts and Vermont\"} \/-->\n\n<!-- wp:ncst\/timeline-entry {\"date\":\"2024\",\"description\":\"Detected in Connecticut, Illinois, Minnesota, New Hampshire and Wisconsin\"} \/-->\n\n<!-- wp:ncst\/timeline-entry {\"date\":\"2025\",\"description\":\"Detected in Indiana and Tennessee\"} \/-->\n<!-- \/wp:ncst\/timeline -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"prevent-spread\"><strong>How can I prevent its spread?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Inspect vehicles, especially wheel wells and mirrors, for cocoons before traveling. Monitor elm trees for zigzag patterns on leaves, particularly in areas where the sawfly has been detected. Dispose of larvae or cocoons properly.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3><strong>How can I manage infestations?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>To manage an infestation, remove heavily infested branches by pruning and disposing of them appropriately. You can also use insecticides that are effective against sawflies, following local guidelines. Encouraging natural predators, such as birds and parasitoid wasps, may help control the sawfly population.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":41253,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-egg-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2026\/02\/elm-zigzag-sawfly-egg-matt-bertone-ncsu-1500x844-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Close-up of a green leaf with visible veins and a translucent green insect egg on one tip.\" class=\"wp-image-41253\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Elm zigzag sawflies lay tiny, oval eggs along the veins of elm leaves. They\u2019re usually hard to see, but each one is the start of a larva that will later feed on the leaves. Photo by Matt Bertone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"research-control\"><strong>How can I help research and control efforts?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>You can help by reporting sightings to local agricultural or environmental authorities. Additionally, staying informed about ongoing research and supporting efforts to control invasive species can contribute to long-term management solutions.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h3 id=\"other-pests\"><strong>What other pests threaten elm trees?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>North American elms face Dutch elm disease, an invasive fungal disease spread by bark beetles. Elm bark beetles also target weakened trees, carrying pathogens that make trees more vulnerable to further damage.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:ncst\/separator \/-->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"levelOptions\":[2,3,4,5,6]} -->\n<h2>Want to know more? Check out the video below:<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:embed {\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iyElX3sGQJE\",\"type\":\"video\",\"providerNameSlug\":\"youtube\",\"responsive\":true,\"className\":\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iyElX3sGQJE\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:embed -->"},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn how the elm zigzag sawfly damages trees, how to identify it, prevent its spread and manage infestations effectively.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":171,"featured_media":41247,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"views\/single-immersive.blade.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"source":"","ncst_custom_author":"","ncst_show_custom_author":false,"ncst_dynamicHeaderBlockName":"ncst\/default-immersive-post-header","ncst_dynamicHeaderData":"{\"backgroundColor\":\"custombg_four\",\"caption\":\"The elm zigzag sawfly, identified by its black body and pale yellow-green legs, is spreading across North America and stressing trees. Photo by Matt Bertone\",\"displayCategoryID\":111,\"showAuthor\":true,\"showDate\":true,\"showFeaturedVideo\":false,\"subtitle\":\"The invasive pest is spreading across the United States and Canada, threatening the health of trees in forests and cities alike.\"}","ncst_content_audit_freq":"","ncst_content_audit_date":"","ncst_content_audit_display":false,"ncst_backToTopFlag":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[111,1,102,3],"tags":[43,261,362],"_ncst_magazine_issue":[],"class_list":["post-41239","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fer-research","category-hidden-news","category-hidden-newswire","category-research-innovation","tag-extension-and-outreach","tag-fer-research","tag-forestry-and-environmental-resources"],"displayCategory":{"term_id":111,"name":"Forestry and Environmental Resources Research","slug":"fer-research","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":111,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":3,"count":82,"filter":"raw"},"acf":{"ncst_posts_meta_modified_date":null},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41239","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/171"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41239"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41239\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41322,"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41239\/revisions\/41322"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41239"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41239"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41239"},{"taxonomy":"_ncst_magazine_issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnr.ncsu.edu\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/_ncst_magazine_issue?post=41239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}